The top and bottom pics are of ball joint dust boots. They keep the grease in and dirt/grit out of the ball joints. The boot in the top pic (the steering rack end) is split and should be replaced if the joint hasn't started showing signs of wear.
As for the bushings, if there's no obvious damage (cracked, split and/or missing rubber), you need to physically move the bushing around to see if it's broken and doing something it shouldn't be. You could try wiggling the suspension around by hand and looking for free play, but to check the individual bushings, you'll probably need to disassemble the suspension.